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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that marine environments include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate involves the associated biological areas that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific facts. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH to the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act offers jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or actions may adversely affect habitat identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim final rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation with the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended by publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management system (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing techniques and coastal and nautical development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and non-point and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, support, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal action agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or balance out those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of angling gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or taken on part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations of the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet at least one of the following four criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will be stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not banish activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is designated for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Essential Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and restoration of species listed while threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures hidden the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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